this that — agent test Seed: 74f680dc Choose A or B for each question in order. 1 of 167 — Medieval · Italy A. Guelphs - Papal alignment - urban communal resistance to emperor B. Ghibellines - Imperial alignment - aristocratic and imperial networks 2 of 167 — 15th–19th centuries · Pontic–Caspian steppe/Central Asia A. Cossacks - Self-governing frontier hosts exchanging military service for privileges - elective assemblies and officers within increasingly imperial border systems B. Kazakhs - Pastoral steppe confederations organized in three jüzes under Chinggisid khans - seasonal migration, clan genealogy, and negotiated khanal authority 3 of 167 — 18th century · Britain A. Hanoverians - Protestant succession - parliamentary settlement of 1688 B. Jacobites - Stuart hereditary legitimacy - High Church/Catholic networks 4 of 167 — Early Islamic · Caliphate A. Caliphal mainstream - Acceptance of broader caliphal institutions - greater restraint about excommunication B. Kharijites - Ruler judged by moral qualification - readiness to depose sinful rulers 5 of 167 — 19th century · Germany A. Old Hegelians - Conservative reconciliation with existing state/religion - orthodox Hegelian system B. Young Hegelians - Radical critique using Hegelian method - religion/state challenged 6 of 167 — Early modern · Venice A. Venetian giovani - Younger patrician reform current - assertive anti-papal/Habsburg policy B. Venetian vecchi - Older patrician caution - preservation of established oligarchic arrangements 7 of 167 — Late 20th century · Japan/Norway A. Burzum - One-man black-metal project and anti-Christian pagan myth - anti-modern Nordic primitivism centered on personal withdrawal B. Yukio Mishima - Emperor-centered national restoration and Shield Society discipline - literary fusion of beauty, body, and sacrificial action 8 of 167 — Medieval · Maghreb/Iberia A. Almohads - Radical tawhid doctrine - Masmuda movement and reforming conquest B. Almoravids - Maliki orthodoxy - Sanhaja desert confederation 9 of 167 — Byzantine · Anatolia/Constantinople A. Imperial centralizers - Direct imperial administration - limits on magnate accumulation B. Byzantine landed magnates - Large provincial estates/clients - local military-social power 10 of 167 — 13th–18th centuries · Grand Duchy of Lithuania/Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth A. Polish Lithuania - Catholic and increasingly Polonized Lithuanian nobility within the Commonwealth - Sejm politics, codified noble liberties, and Latin-Polish elite culture B. Pagan Lithuania - Gediminid grand-ducal rule before Lithuania's official Christianization - pagan sacral kingship and warrior retinues governing extensive Orthodox Ruthenian lands 11 of 167 — Revolutionary era · France/Europe A. Republicans - Citizen/national sovereignty - elective non-monarchical institutions B. Royalists - Hereditary monarchy - dynastic-hierarchical legitimacy 12 of 167 — Late antiquity · Anatolia/Mediterranean A. Montanists - Continuing ecstatic prophecy - strict eschatological rigor B. Episcopal Catholics - Authority centered on bishops - regulated public church order 13 of 167 — c. 1200 BCE/early modern–present · Eastern Mediterranean/Maritime Southeast Asia A. Sea People (Indonesia) - Orang Laut maritime communities of the Riau-Lingga and Malacca Straits - sea mobility, trade-route knowledge, and naval service to Malay rulers B. Sea Peoples (Bronze Age) - Maritime groups named in Egyptian records around 1200 BCE - disputed identities associated with migration, warfare, and Late Bronze Age upheaval 14 of 167 — 20th century · China A. Kuomintang Left - Labor/left nationalist coalition - cooperation with communists B. Kuomintang Right - Conservative military-business wing - anti-communist central leadership 15 of 167 — 20th century · United States A. Old Guard Democrats - Fiscal/state-rights conservatism - business and courthouse-machine networks B. New Dealers - Federal intervention and welfare/regulatory state - labor-urban coalition 16 of 167 — Late medieval · Western Christianity A. Papalists - Supreme papal jurisdiction - centralized personal ecclesial office B. Conciliarists - Council can hold supreme church authority - corporate governance 17 of 167 — Late medieval/Renaissance · Genoa A. Fregoso - Rival Genoese dynastic client bloc - competing dogeships/foreign alignments B. Adorno - Genoese dynastic client bloc - recurring dogeships 18 of 167 — Algerian War · Algeria A. FLN - FLN claim to unified revolutionary front - centralized liberation apparatus B. MNA - Messalist nationalist continuity - rival diaspora/worker networks 19 of 167 — 20th century · India A. Gandhians - Mass nonviolence and disciplined civil resistance - decentralized moral politics B. Bose/Forward Bloc - Militant anti-colonial strategy - centralized national mobilization and armed alliance 20 of 167 — Medieval Islamic · Middle East A. Fatimids - Ismaili caliphate - Cairo-centered rival universal claim B. Abbasids - Sunni caliphate - Baghdad-centered symbolic-juristic order 21 of 167 — Cold War · Hungary/Czechoslovakia A. 1956 - Hungarian revolt moving from student protest to armed national uprising and workers' councils - attempt to end Soviet domination and leave the Warsaw Pact B. 1968 - Prague Spring led by reformers inside the Communist Party - press liberalization and socialism with a human face defended largely without armed resistance 22 of 167 — Late Byzantine · Byzantine Empire A. Barlaamites - Philosophical critique of Palamism - reserve toward claimed mystical experience B. Hesychasts - Contemplative prayer/uncreated energies - Palamite mysticism 23 of 167 — Medieval · European universities A. Nominalists - Universals are names/concepts - priority of individual things B. Realists - Universals possess extra-mental reality - categories map real structures 24 of 167 — 1960s–70s · United States/West A. Establishment institutionalists - Formal institutions/coalition management - incremental professional politics B. New Left movement politics - Participatory movement politics - anti-bureaucratic cultural and political rupture 25 of 167 — Russian Revolution · Russia A. Kronstadt rebels - Soviet pluralism - opposition to party monopoly/requisitioning B. Bolsheviks - One-party central control - emergency economic administration 26 of 167 — 19th century · France A. Guesdists - Doctrinaire Marxist program - stronger class-conflict orientation B. Possibilists - Incremental municipal/reform gains - practical socialist participation 27 of 167 — 20th century · Arab world A. Ba'athists - Party-organized Arab nationalism - disciplined ideological state apparatus B. Nasserists - Pan-Arab mass nationalism centered on charismatic state leadership 28 of 167 — Napoleonic Wars (fiction) · Royal Navy/Mediterranean A. Stephen Maturin - Surgeon, naturalist, and discreet intelligence agent - close observation, secrecy, and divided national loyalties B. Jack Aubrey - Royal Navy command, shipboard hierarchy, and decisive tactical action - martial loyalty, prize-taking, and practical naval discipline 29 of 167 — Classical antiquity · Greece A. Spartans - Land military oligarchy - disciplined citizen-warrior order B. Athenians - Maritime democracy - commercial-cultural urbanism 30 of 167 — 17th century · England A. Laudians - Episcopal uniformity - ceremonial and sacramental Anglicanism B. Puritans - Preaching-centered reform - suspicion of ceremony 31 of 167 — Late Roman Republic · Mediterranean A. Octavian - Western/Italian base - rhetoric of restored Roman order B. Antony - Eastern Mediterranean base - dynastic alliance with Cleopatra 32 of 167 — Late antiquity · Byzantine Empire A. Monothelites - One operative will in Christ - imperial compromise B. Dyothelites - Divine and human wills preserved - conciliar dyothelite position 33 of 167 — 20th century · Israel A. Mapai - Labor establishment/state institutions - social-democratic economy B. Herut - Revisionist nationalism/opposition politics - stronger security and market orientation 34 of 167 — Late antiquity · Roman Empire A. Nicenes - Consubstantial Son - Nicene equality of divine substance B. Arians - Subordinate Son - hierarchical Trinity 35 of 167 — Mexican Revolution · Mexico A. Carrancistas - Central constitutional nationalism - state-building under Carranza B. Zapatistas - Agrarian village autonomy - radical land redistribution 36 of 167 — Second Temple · Judaea A. Pharisees - Engagement with ordinary communal life - adaptable legal interpretation B. Essenes - Separatist purity communities - apocalyptic asceticism 37 of 167 — Early 20th century · Ottoman Empire A. Ottoman conservatives - Dynastic-religious continuity - defense of old Ottoman political order B. Young Turks - Constitutional revolution/central modernization - Turkish nationalist cadres 38 of 167 — Early modern · Catholic Europe A. Jesuits - Casuistry/pastoral flexibility - cooperation of will with grace B. Jansenists - Moral rigorism - strong Augustinian efficacious-grace emphasis 39 of 167 — Late Hellenistic/Roman · Judaea A. Herodians - Roman-client monarchy - cosmopolitan monumental state-building B. Hasmoneans - Priestly-national dynasty - legitimacy from Maccabean revolt 40 of 167 — Byzantine · Byzantine Empire A. Byzantine military aristocracy - Provincial landed generals - army/frontier interests B. Constantinopolitan bureaucracy - Capital civil officials - fiscal-administrative expertise 41 of 167 — 20th century · United States A. Goldwater conservatives - Movement conservatism - smaller government and Sunbelt grassroots B. Rockefeller Republicans - Managerial/social moderation - acceptance of welfare-state institutions 42 of 167 — 19th century · Mexico A. Mexican Federalists - Sovereign states/federal constitution - regional autonomy B. Centralists - Central departments under Mexico City - stronger executive center 43 of 167 — 19th century · France A. Bonapartists - Plebiscitary personal rule - military achievement/national glory B. Bourbons - Hereditary Bourbon legitimacy - clerical-aristocratic restoration 44 of 167 — Early 20th century · Turkey A. Ottoman restorationists - Ottoman-caliphal restoration - dynastic/confessional political continuity B. Kemalists - Secular republican nation-state - legal/administrative modernization 45 of 167 — Late medieval · Bohemia A. Taborites - Radical biblical community - revolutionary religious-social program B. Hussite Utraquists - Moderate Hussite communion reform - negotiated institutional settlement 46 of 167 — Early 20th century · India A. Indian Congress Moderates - Petition/legal reform within empire - gradual constitutional politics B. Lal-Bal-Pal faction - Swadeshi and mass agitation - assertive nationalist pressure 47 of 167 — 17th century · England A. Cavaliers - Royal sovereignty/Anglican establishment - aristocratic-gentry networks B. Roundheads - Parliamentary sovereignty - Puritan and urban-commercial support 48 of 167 — 19th century · Europe A. Social Democrats - Parliamentary/mass-party socialism - organized state reform B. Anarchists - Abolition of coercive state - decentralized voluntary association 49 of 167 — French Revolution · France A. Jacobins - Republican radicalization - mass clubs and mobilization B. Feuillants - Constitutional monarchy - resistance to further revolutionary escalation 50 of 167 — 20th century · United States A. Eisenhower Republicans - Atlantic alliances and managerial government - acceptance of core New Deal institutions B. Taft Republicans - Smaller federal state and restrained internationalism - Midwestern conservatism 51 of 167 — Early republic · United States A. Jeffersonians - Agrarian republicanism - state-centered constitutional restraint B. Hamiltonians - National bank/manufacturing - strong federal executive 52 of 167 — 19th century · Russia A. Marxists - Industrial proletariat and historical materialism - organized socialist development B. Narodniks - Peasant commune as revolutionary base - rural agitation 53 of 167 — Reformation · Europe A. Reformed/Calvinists - Reformed covenantal theology - stricter icon/liturgy reform and presbyterial tendencies B. Lutherans - Justification by faith and territorial church structures - sacramental conservatism relative to Reformed 54 of 167 — 18th century · Europe A. Physiocrats - Natural agricultural order - freer internal trade B. Mercantilists - State-managed trade/industry - tariffs and national accumulation 55 of 167 — Classical antiquity · Greek world A. Cyrenaics - Immediate pleasure as good - skillful management of sensation B. Cynics - Radical self-sufficiency - rejection of status and luxury 56 of 167 — Early 20th century · Russia A. Socialist Revolutionaries - Peasant socialism - land socialization rooted in village communities B. Bolsheviks - Urban-proletarian party leadership - centralized nationalization 57 of 167 — Hellenistic · Judaea A. Maccabees - Ritual-law defense - resistance to imposed Hellenistic cult B. Hellenizers - Greek civic institutions - integration with Hellenistic elite culture 58 of 167 — Late Byzantine · Byzantine Empire A. Anti-unionists - Orthodox ecclesial independence - rejection of papal supremacy B. Byzantine unionists - Union with Rome for western aid - willingness to negotiate formulas 59 of 167 — 19th century · Russia A. Slavophiles - Orthodox-Russian civilizational particularism - communal social ideal B. Westernizers - European institutional models - legal/educational modernization 60 of 167 — Renaissance · Florence A. Albizzi - Established oligarchic families - narrow republican control B. Medici - Banking patronage coalition - informal personal dominance through republican offices 61 of 167 — Roman Republic · Rome A. Pompeians - Senatorial constitutional legitimacy - aristocratic coalition B. Caesarians - Personal military command - centralizing reforms 62 of 167 — 19th century · Europe A. Ultramontanes - Papal supremacy and Catholic confessional authority - clerical political mobilization B. Liberals - Constitutional rights/secular civil state - limits on clerical authority 63 of 167 — 19th century · Europe A. Utilitarians - Consequences/utility and reform - calculative social policy B. Romantics - Emotion/history/organic culture - resistance to reductive rationalism 64 of 167 — 19th century · Ireland A. Constitutional nationalists - Parliamentary/home-rule methods - constitutional nationalism B. Young Irelanders - Militant cultural nationalism - willingness to use rebellion 65 of 167 — Early modern · Dutch Republic A. Counter-Remonstrants - Confessional enforcement and strict predestination - state-backed Synod settlement B. Remonstrants - Religious toleration and conditional election - minority opposition network 66 of 167 — Early modern · Dutch Republic A. Arminians - Conditional election/free-will emphasis - Remonstrant theology B. Gomarists - Strict predestination - Counter-Remonstrant confessional orthodoxy 67 of 167 — 1918–1939 · Czechoslovakia/Kingdom of Yugoslavia A. Serb Yugoslav captaincy - Belgrade-centered kingdom under the Karađorđević dynasty - unitary Yugoslavism backed by royal authority, army, and centralized ministries B. Czech-administered Slovakia - Prague-centered parliamentary rule through a unitary Czechoslovak state - civil bureaucracy and Czechoslovak national doctrine applied in Slovakia 68 of 167 — 7th–10th centuries · Pontic steppe/Carpathian Basin/lower Danube A. Magyar - Late ninth-century tribal confederation entering the Carpathian Basin - mobile horse-war bands and negotiated chieftainship before Christian royal consolidation B. Bulgar - Oghuric military elite establishing a territorial khanate on the lower Danube - central court, tribute, and fusion with Slavic subjects before Orthodox statehood 69 of 167 — 19th century · Italy A. Risorgimento republicans - Republican-national revolution - popular sovereignty B. Piedmontese monarchists - Monarchical unification under Piedmont - diplomatic state-building 70 of 167 — Reformation · France A. Catholics - Episcopal-sacramental church - allegiance to Rome B. Huguenots - French Calvinism - Reformed congregational/presbyterial structures 71 of 167 — Classical antiquity · Athens A. Athenian oligarchs - Rule by narrower wealthy elite - suspicion of mass assembly B. Athenian democrats - Assembly sovereignty - broad male-citizen participation 72 of 167 — Late antiquity · Eastern Mediterranean A. Antiochene theologians - Sharper distinction of Christ's natures - Antiochene exegesis B. Alexandrian theologians - Stronger unity of Christ's person - Alexandrian synthesis 73 of 167 — Roman Republic · Rome A. Sullans - Senatorial restoration - weakened tribunate B. Marians - Popularis/military networks - broader Italian incorporation 74 of 167 — Third Republic · France A. Anti-Dreyfusards - Army honor/nationalism - conservative-Catholic mass press networks B. Dreyfusards - Republican legalism and due process - secular intellectual networks 75 of 167 — Early Roman Empire · Rome A. Imperial court - Household patronage - personal loyalty to emperor B. Senatorial opposition - Senatorial libertas - moral resistance to princeps 76 of 167 — Cold War · United States A. CIA Cowboys - Sunbelt/frontier-business culture - aggressive covert action and unilateralism B. CIA Yankees - Eastern-establishment institutionalism - alliances and managed international order 77 of 167 — Cold War · Soviet Union A. Soviet party apparatus - Political supervision/cadre control - party primacy B. Soviet military establishment - Professional strategic autonomy - military institutional priorities 78 of 167 — 21st century/1375 · Silicon Valley/Alsace and Swiss plateau A. Güglers - English and French free-company mercenaries under Enguerrand VII de Coucy - hooded winter raiders plundering Alsace and the Swiss plateau in 1375 B. Googlers - Google employees inside a credentialed global technology bureaucracy - campus managerialism, software systems, and institutionalized innovation 79 of 167 — 19th century · Germany A. Marxists - Class self-emancipation - critique of state-sponsored socialism B. Lassalleans - State-supported workers' associations - national political organization 80 of 167 — Medieval · England A. Montfortians - Council-based limits on monarchy - broader parliamentary representation B. Henry III royalists - Royal prerogative - dynastic restoration under Henry III/Edward 81 of 167 — Late medieval · Northern England A. Percys - Older Northumberland dominance - stronger Lancastrian attachment B. Nevilles - Expanding northern affinity - later Yorkist alignment 82 of 167 — Archaic/Classical · Athens A. Alcmaeonids - Aristocratic anti-tyranny network - Cleisthenic reform connection B. Peisistratids - Personal tyranny - centralized family patronage 83 of 167 — Late 15th century · Eastern Mediterranean/Iberia and Atlantic A. 1453 - Ottoman capture of Constantinople through concentrated imperial siege warfare - re-centering eastern Mediterranean power in the old Roman capital B. 1492 - fall of Granada, expulsion decrees, and Columbus's first Atlantic voyage - confessional consolidation at home joined to open-ended overseas expansion 84 of 167 — 8th–10th centuries · Khazar Khaganate A. Caspian Khazaria - Lower Volga-Caspian metropolitan core around Atil and Samandar - multireligious merchant cities controlling river trade, customs, and tribute B. Pontic Khazaria - Western Don-Crimea frontier around Sarkel, steppe tributaries, and Byzantine diplomacy - fortified military corridor linking the Black Sea, Don, and Dnieper worlds 85 of 167 — Abbasid era · Baghdad A. Abbasid bureaucrats - Scribal fiscal administration - Persianate chancery culture B. Turkish military households - Armed military households - direct court power through troops 86 of 167 — Medieval Islamic · Islamic world A. Ismailis - Ismaili succession - continuing/active Imam-centered hierarchy B. Twelvers - Twelve Imams ending in occultation - juristic authority under absent Imam 87 of 167 — Early Islamic · Caliphate A. Alids - Prophetic-family legitimacy through Ali and Fatima - Alid networks B. Umayyads - Dynastic Umayyad caliphate - Syrian military base 88 of 167 — 17th century · France A. Frondeurs - Aristocratic/parlementary resistance to crown ministers - decentralized privilege B. Mazarinists - Ministerial royal centralization - Mazarin/court state-building 89 of 167 — Meiji era · Japan A. Chōshū - Western Honshu domain network - major Meiji bureaucratic-military oligarchs B. Satsuma - Southwestern domain military-political network - major Meiji oligarchs 90 of 167 — Early modern · Europe A. Rationalists - Knowledge from reason/deduction - innate or a priori structures B. Empiricists - Knowledge from experience - sensory observation and induction 91 of 167 — Medieval Islamic · Islamic world A. Ash'arites - Divine omnipotence/occasionalism - kalam used for Sunni doctrine B. Mu'tazilites - Rational divine justice - stronger human free agency 92 of 167 — Early Islamic · Caliphate A. Arab conquest elite - Arab tribal conquest privilege - early military-administrative dominance B. Persian mawali - Non-Arab convert equality claims - Persianate participation in state and culture 93 of 167 — 19th century · Latin America A. Latin American Federalists - Provincial autonomy - decentralized confederation B. Unitarians - Centralized national state - capital-centered administration 94 of 167 — Early 20th century · Russia A. Bolsheviks - Tightly organized vanguard - readiness for seizure of power B. Mensheviks - Broad mass party - staged bourgeois-democratic development 95 of 167 — Medieval · Western Christianity A. Dominicans - Preaching/theological scholarship - Thomist institutional tradition B. Franciscans - Poverty as foundational charism - voluntarist/Augustinian intellectual inheritance 96 of 167 — 19th century · Spain A. Liberals - Constitutional sovereignty - legal-administrative liberal reform B. Carlists - Traditionalist dynastic legitimacy - fueros and clerical order 97 of 167 — Roman period · Judaea A. Accommodationists - Negotiation under Roman rule - preservation through compromise B. Zealots - Armed resistance to Rome - refusal of foreign sovereignty 98 of 167 — Medieval Islamic · Islamic world A. Rationalist theologians - Formal speculative theology - rational treatment of divine attributes B. Hanbalis - Textual traditionalism - resistance to speculative kalam 99 of 167 — Enlightenment · France/Europe A. Voltaire - Civil liberties/toleration - cosmopolitan elite reform and skepticism B. Rousseau - Popular sovereignty/general will - critique of inequality and civilization 100 of 167 — Medieval · Florence A. White Guelphs - Greater Florentine independence from papal intervention - Cerchi network B. Black Guelphs - Stronger papal alignment - Donati network 101 of 167 — Medieval/Renaissance · Rome A. Colonna - Rival Roman baronial client network - recurring imperial/Spanish links B. Orsini - One Roman baronial client network - recurring French/papal links 102 of 167 — Late 20th–21st century · United States A. Neoconservatives - American primacy/democracy promotion - greater willingness to use force for political transformation B. Foreign-policy realists - Balance of power/limited objectives - skepticism of regime transformation 103 of 167 — 17th century · England A. Grandees - Army leadership and controlled parliament - order under senior officers B. Levellers - Expanded male political rights - sovereignty rooted in the people 104 of 167 — French Revolution · France A. Dantonists - Revolutionary pragmatism - negotiation and opposition to escalating Terror B. Hébertists - Popular radicalism/de-Christianizing pressure - economic controls 105 of 167 — Classical antiquity · Greek world A. Epicureans - Tranquility through limited desires - atomist non-providential cosmos B. Stoics - Virtue sufficient for flourishing - providential rational cosmos 106 of 167 — 17th century · England A. Parliamentarians - Parliamentary constitutional coalition - practical state government B. Fifth Monarchists - Apocalyptic godly rule - expectation of imminent Fifth Monarchy 107 of 167 — Second Temple · Judaea A. Pharisees - Oral interpretive tradition - resurrection doctrine B. Sadducees - Temple-priestly establishment - narrower scriptural doctrine 108 of 167 — 20th century · China A. Maoist radicals - Continuous class struggle and mass campaigns - ideological voluntarism B. CCP pragmatists - Managerial expertise and economic pragmatism - institutional stabilization 109 of 167 — 20th century · Soviet/Communist world A. Trotskyists - Permanent revolution - anti-bureaucratic internationalism B. Stalinists - Socialism in one country - centralized bureaucratic party-state 110 of 167 — Classical antiquity · Greek world A. Stoics - Secure apprehensive impressions - systematic ethics and physics B. Academic Skeptics - Suspension/probabilistic judgment - doubt about certainty 111 of 167 — 20th century · France A. Fourth Republic parliamentarians - Parliamentary supremacy - coalition-party governance B. Gaullists - Strong executive presidency - national strategic autonomy 112 of 167 — 1930s · Japan A. Imperial Way Faction - Emperor-centered radical restoration - young-officer direct action B. Control Faction - Bureaucratic total-war planning - disciplined control through institutions 113 of 167 — Medieval Islamic · Islamic world A. Malikis - Medinan practice as legal evidence - North/West African predominance B. Hanafis - Broad analogical reasoning - Iraqi/Central Asian/Ottoman predominance 114 of 167 — Renaissance · Florence A. Medici - Medici banking/client network - de facto political control B. Pazzi - Rival banking aristocracy - conspiracy with anti-Medici papal interests 115 of 167 — 20th century · United States A. AFL - Craft unionism - skilled-trade organization B. CIO - Industrial unionism - mass organization across entire factories 116 of 167 — 20th century · Germany/Austria–Britain A. Martin Heidegger - Phenomenological ontology of Being and historically situated existence - hermeneutic inquiry and critique of technological modernity B. Karl Popper - Critical rationalism, falsifiability, and scientific fallibilism - open society and rejection of historicist political prophecy 117 of 167 — Umayyad era · Syria/Caliphate A. Yaman - Southern-Arab genealogical bloc - Yamani patronage networks B. Qays - Northern-Arab genealogical bloc - Qaysi military networks 118 of 167 — Classical antiquity · Greece A. Peloponnesian League - Spartan land leadership - looser allied autonomy B. Delian League - Athenian naval leadership - tribute-based maritime system 119 of 167 — Late 20th century · South Africa A. ANC - Broad national liberation coalition - nonracial constitutional state goal B. Inkatha Freedom Party - Zulu regional-national organization - stronger traditional-authority and provincial base 120 of 167 — Abbasid era · Islamic world A. Traditionalists - Uncreated Qur'an - suspicion of speculative theology B. Mu'tazilites - Rational kalam and created Qur'an - strong human responsibility 121 of 167 — Late antiquity · North Africa A. Catholics - Sacrament valid despite minister's failings - universal imperial church B. Donatists - Purity of clergy tied to sacramental legitimacy - rigorist North African identity 122 of 167 — Early Islamic · Caliphate A. Umayyads - Syrian Arab military aristocracy - Umayyad dynasty B. Abbasids - Iraqi/Persian revolutionary coalition - Abbasid family legitimacy 123 of 167 — 20th century · Palestine/Israel A. Labor Zionists - Labor-socialist state-building - collective settlement institutions B. Revisionist Zionists - Territorial nationalism and military self-defense - market-oriented right nationalism 124 of 167 — French Revolution · France A. Girondins - Provincial republican networks - resistance to Parisian radical control B. Montagnards - Parisian sans-culotte alliance - emergency centralization and price controls 125 of 167 — 1930s–40s · United States A. Internationalists - Aid/alliance commitments and collective security - larger executive foreign-policy role B. Isolationists - Avoid European military commitments - congressional restraint 126 of 167 — Renaissance · Florence A. Arrabbiati - Anti-Savonarolan elite republicanism - resistance to theocratic discipline B. Piagnoni - Savonarolan moral-religious republicanism - popular reform discipline 127 of 167 — Roman Republic · Rome A. Liberatores - Anti-dictatorship republicanism - senatorial libertas B. Caesarians - Acceptance of Caesar's supremacy - veteran/popular constituency 128 of 167 — Medieval · Western Europe A. Holy Roman Emperors - Sacral imperial kingship - ruler's role in church governance B. Papacy - Papal clerical supremacy - independent authority over investiture 129 of 167 — 1066 CE/c. 1177 BCE · England/Eastern Mediterranean A. 1177 BC - Late Bronze Age systems collapse marked by palace destruction, migrations, and broken trade networks - political fragmentation and loss of writing in many regions under causes that remain disputed B. 1066 AD - Norman conquest replacing England's ruling elite while retaining and extending royal administration - dynastic invasion producing a durable centralized kingdom, castles, surveys, and written rule 130 of 167 — Late medieval · France A. Armagnacs - Orléanist/royal faction around Armagnac leadership - anti-Burgundian court politics B. Burgundians - Burgundian princely state - alliance shifts including English cooperation 131 of 167 — Medieval · Western Europe A. Gregorian reformers - Clerical celibacy/anti-simony - papal control of investiture B. Imperial church party - Episcopal offices integrated with imperial government - ruler-led investiture 132 of 167 — Late medieval · England A. Warwick affinity - Independent magnate retainers - demand for aristocratic influence on policy B. Woodvilles - Queen's promoted kin network - dependence on Edward IV 133 of 167 — 20th century · Britain A. Gaitskellites - Labour right/mixed economy - Atlanticism and managerial moderation B. Bevanites - Labour left/public ownership - anti-nuclear or non-aligned tendencies 134 of 167 — 2020s · Global AI A. Yann LeCun - Open development of world-model and agent architectures - confidence that capable AI can be designed as a controllable human tool B. Geoffrey Hinton - Neural-network pioneer warning about misuse and loss of control - safety research and restraint before an unrestricted capabilities race 135 of 167 — Founding era · United States A. Anti-Federalists - State/local autonomy - fear of consolidated national power B. Federalists - Stronger federal constitution - national fiscal/executive power 136 of 167 — 17th–18th century · Dutch Republic A. Orangists - Hereditary stadtholder leadership - Orange military-dynastic network B. Dutch States Party - Provincial republican oligarchies - merchant-regent government 137 of 167 — 19th century · France A. Orléanists - Constitutional monarchy - bourgeois liberal alliance B. Legitimists - Senior Bourbon line - clerical/traditional monarchy 138 of 167 — Mid-20th century · Britain/fictional global intelligence A. Ian Fleming - Naval Intelligence planner who converted wartime schemes into controlled literary fantasy - ironic observer and architect of Bond's appetites, rituals, and enemies B. James Bond - Fictional field operative exercising delegated violence under Crown authority - decisive action, physical nerve, and appetites lived without authorial distance 139 of 167 — Mexican Revolution · Mexico A. Conventionists - Villa/Zapata convention coalition - stronger regional/revolutionary demands B. Mexican Constitutionalists - Carranza constitutional state-building - legal national government 140 of 167 — 20th century · Argentina A. Montoneros - Revolutionary left Peronism - armed youth movement and socialist transformation B. Peronist orthodox wing - Union/party-machine Peronism - negotiated corporate order 141 of 167 — Medieval Islamic · Islamic world A. Ash'arites - Stronger divine determination - Shafi'i/Maliki intellectual networks B. Maturidis - Greater rational moral knowledge - Hanafi intellectual networks 142 of 167 — Modern · Palestinian politics A. Fatah - Secular nationalist movement and negotiated diplomacy - PLO institutional politics B. Hamas - Islamist resistance movement - religious-social organization and armed struggle 143 of 167 — 20th century · Japan A. Imperial Japanese Navy - Maritime strategy - fleet, trade routes, and Pacific orientation B. Imperial Japanese Army - Continental army strategy - land expansion and occupation 144 of 167 — Medieval · Europe/Mediterranean A. Orthodox Constantinople - Orthodox conciliar-patriarchal order - Byzantine liturgical tradition B. Papal Rome - Papal Latin jurisdiction - western ecclesial centralization 145 of 167 — 17th–18th century · Britain A. Whigs - Parliamentary limits and Protestant succession - commercial interests B. Tories - Hereditary monarchy/established church - landed-country identity 146 of 167 — 19th century · Ireland A. Landlord establishment - Property rights/landlord order - established landed political power B. Irish Land Leaguers - Tenant organization/land reform - mass rural agitation 147 of 167 — 19th century · Italy A. Cavourians - Diplomacy/administration - controlled monarchical unification B. Garibaldians - Volunteer insurrection and popular nationalism - charismatic military action 148 of 167 — Late antiquity · Mediterranean A. Proto-orthodox Christians - Good creation and bodily resurrection - episcopal-apostolic continuity B. Gnostics - Revealed esoteric knowledge - strong spirit/matter dualisms 149 of 167 — 1971 · France/United States A. Noam Chomsky - Innate universal grammar and shared human cognitive faculties - universal moral standards joined to libertarian socialism B. Michel Foucault - Historical genealogy of knowledge, institutions, and power - skepticism toward fixed human nature and universal justice 150 of 167 — Late antiquity · Roman Empire A. Homoousians - Father and Son same substance - Nicene formulation B. Homoiousians - Father and Son of similar substance - compromise formulation 151 of 167 — Islamic history · Islamic world A. Sunni - Caliphal succession outside hereditary Imamate - plural Sunni legal schools B. Shia - Authority through Ali's lineage - special religious authority of Imams 152 of 167 — Byzantine · Byzantine Empire A. Iconodules - Defense of icon veneration - strong monastic support B. Iconoclasts - Restriction of sacred images - imperial purification campaigns 153 of 167 — Roman Republic · Rome A. Gracchans - Land redistribution - popular institutions against Senate B. Senatorial conservatives - Senatorial prerogative - established property order 154 of 167 — Late medieval · England A. Yorkists - York-Mortimer hereditary claim - Yorkist/Neville affinities B. Lancastrians - Henry VI's Lancastrian line - Beaufort/queen affinity 155 of 167 — Early modern · Britain A. Low Church - Evangelical preaching - suspicion of elaborate ritual B. High Church - Sacramental episcopal emphasis - ceremonial continuity 156 of 167 — French Revolution · France A. Thermidorians - Reaction against Terror - property-owning political moderation B. Jacobins - Centralized revolutionary government - egalitarian emergency politics 157 of 167 — 17th century · England A. Diggers - Common cultivation/no private landownership - radical egalitarianism B. Levellers - Political equality/property rights for smallholders - constitutional popularism 158 of 167 — 20th century · China A. Kuomintang - Nationalist state modernization - military-bureaucratic party rule B. Chinese Communists - Peasant revolutionary mobilization - Marxist-Leninist party-state 159 of 167 — Classical antiquity · Greek world A. Sophists - Rhetorical persuasion - context-sensitive argument B. Socratics - Ethical interrogation - search for stable definitions 160 of 167 — Byzantine · Constantinople A. Byzantine Blues - Blue circus-patronage network - recurring court connections B. Byzantine Greens - Green circus-patronage network - rival urban/client organization 161 of 167 — Medieval · European universities A. Scotists - Univocity of being - stronger emphasis on will and formal distinction B. Thomists - Aristotelian metaphysics - essence/existence distinction 162 of 167 — 1867–1918 · Austria-Hungary A. Hungary - Transleithanian autonomy under the historic Hungarian crown - gentry-led parliament, restricted franchise, and Magyar national consolidation B. Austria - Cisleithanian parliament, crownlands, and multinational imperial bureaucracy - broader suffrage and negotiated representation within the Austrian half 163 of 167 — 1920s · Ireland A. Anti-Treatyites - Republican continuity and rejection of oath/partition settlement - armed resistance B. Irish Treatyites - Treaty settlement and Free State institutions - pragmatic sovereignty 164 of 167 — 19th century · Europe A. Idealists - Metaphysical mind/spirit systems - reality structured by ideas B. Positivists - Empirical social science/law of stages - anti-metaphysical program 165 of 167 — 19th century · Europe A. Marxists - Party/class organization - historical-materialist transition B. Bakuninists - Anti-state anarchist federalism - spontaneous revolutionary action 166 of 167 — Late antiquity · Eastern Mediterranean A. Miaphysites - One united incarnate nature emphasis - rejection of Chalcedonian formula B. Chalcedonians - Two natures without division/confusion - Chalcedon authoritative 167 of 167 — Classical antiquity · Greek world A. Platonists - Transcendent Forms - mathematics/dialectic toward first principles B. Aristotelians - Forms embodied in substances - observation and causal classification After choosing, replace ANSWERS with one A or B per question: https://theericadamslibraryformayoralstudies.org/this-that/agent/result?seed=74f680dc&answers=ANSWERS